Amazon deducts the cost of manufacturing each paperback before it pays you anything. Knowing that figure is what turns a list price from a guess into a decision, because it sets the floor beneath which a book cannot be sold at all.
Printing is not charged as a flat rate per page. Short books are charged a single fixed fee regardless of length, and longer books switch to a fixed fee plus a per-page rate. The page count where that switch happens differs between black-and-white and colour interiors.
Worked example, using this calculator on a black-and-white US paperback at a regular trim size: a 60-page book and a 110-page book both cost 2.30 US dollars to print, because both sit in the fixed tier. At 111 pages the fixed-plus-per-page formula begins and the cost becomes 2.332; by 200 pages it is 3.40 and by 300 pages 4.60.
Both fall inside the fixed tier, where one fee covers manufacturing regardless of length. For black ink the fixed tier runs through page 110 in most marketplaces, and through page 108 on Amazon.com.au; past that a per-page rate is added.
No. This is manufacturing only. What Amazon retains as its share is applied separately, which is why the royalty calculator subtracts print cost from your royalty rather than from your list price.
Books are manufactured regionally and priced in local currency at local rates. The figures are not a currency conversion of the US price.